o m o UNIVERSITY OF M O R A T U W A P L A N N I N G T E C H N I Q U E S A P P L I E D IN C O N S T R U C T I O N INDUSTRY IN SRI L A N K A BY G. H. S. BANDULA P E R M A N E N T R K F E R E f l C E N O I I U lb R E M O V E D F R C M THE L I B R A R Y . SUPERVISED BY M R . M . W . J. A . DE S I L V A UNIVERSITY Of- MORATUWA THESES 8, DISSERTATIONS D E P A R T M E N T OF C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G U N I V E R S I T Y OF M O R A T U W A , (0 019 M O R A T U W A , SRI L A N K A . PLANNING TECHNIQUES APPLIED IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN SRI LANKA BY G. H. S. BANDULA THE THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ENGINEERING P E R M A N E N T R E F E R E NO E N O l T O S T R E M O V E D F R C M THE LlftRARY. TR THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING SUPERVISED B Y M R . M . W . J. A . DE SILVA ••• • • 6 5 8 W e accept this thesis as confirming to the required standard 63050 University of Moratuwa February 1994 C O N S T R U C T I O N & S T M W C T O F T ^ , ENGINEERING BfPARTMEMT OF CIVIL E N G I N E E R S UNIVERSITY OF MORATUWA. A C K N O W L E D G M E N T I m u s t e x p r e s s m y g r a t i t u d e to M r . J u s t i n d e S i l v a o f U n i v e r s i t y o f M o r a t u w a f o r s u p e r v i s i n g , c o ­ o r d i n a t i n g a n d g u i d i n g t h e w o r k a n d s p a r i n g n o p a i n s to c o m p l e t e t h i s r e p o r t s u c c e s s f u l l y . I a l s o t h a n k D r . P r i y a n D i a s f o r h i s g u i d a n c e a n d c o o p e r a t i o n g i v e n t o m e t h r o u g h o u t t h i s r e s e a r c h s t u d y . I a l s o a c k n o w l e d g e t h e a s s i s t a n c e o f v a r i o u s o r g a n i s a t i o n s f r o m w h o m i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s , c u r r e n t p r a c t i c e s , d a t a a n d h e l p f u l c o m m e n t s h a v e b e e n o b t a i n e d a n d i n c o r p o r a t e d i n to t h i s r e p o r t . M y a p p r e c i a t i o n a n d s i n c e r e t h a n k s t o m y w i f e G e e t h a f o r h e r p a r t i n p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e f i n a l d o c u m e n t a n d to M i s s S a v i t h r i G e e v a n a n t h a n f o r h e r a s s i s t a n c e i n p r e p a r a t i o n o f o r i g i n a l d r a f t . F i n a l l y , t h a n k s a r e e x t e n d e d t o a l l w h o d i r e c t l y a n d i n d i r e c t l y a s s i s t e d m e i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h i s r e p o r t . 1 A B S T R A C T T h i s r e p o r t a t t e m p t s t o i d e n t i f y t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f p l a n n i n g t e c h n i q u e s i n c o n s t r u c t i o n i n d u s t r y i n S r i L a n k a . A c o m p r e h e n s i v e s t u d y o f p l a n n i n g a s p e c t s p r e s e n t l y p r a c t i c e d i n r a n d o m l y s e l e c t e d o r g a n i s a t i o n s e n g a g e d i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n w o r k w a s u n d e r t a k e n t o a s c e r t a i n t h e r e a l i s t i c p i c t u r e i n t h e i n d u s t r y . F o r m a l a n d i n f o r m a l d i s c u s s i o n s h a d w i t h p e r s o n n e l r e s p o n s i b l e i n p l a n n i n g s e c t i o n s o f v a r i o u s o r g a n i s a t i o n s r e v e a l e d m a n y f a c t s i n d i c a t i n g t h e t r u e s t a t u s . I n t h e p a s t , c o n t r a c t o r s h a v e o f t e n e x c e e d e d t h e t i m e t a r g e t s w h i c h c o u l d b e a t t r i b u t e d t o m a n y r e a s o n s b e y o n d t h e i r c o n t r o l . C i v i l d i s t u r b a n c e s , N a t u r a l c a l a m i t i e s , S c a r c i t y o f r e s o u r c e s a n d B u r e a u c r a t i c r e d t a p e s a r e f e w c o n t r i b u t o r y f a c t o r s t h a t h a s b e e n e m e r g e d a t t h e d i s c u s s i o n s . T h e o b s e r v a t i o n f u r t h e r r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e i n a d e q u a t e p l a n n i n g h a s b e e n a v i t a l f a c t o r f o r t h e n o n a c h i e v e m e n t o f d e s i r e d t a r g e t s . F e e d b a c k f o r t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e g i v e n i n a n n e x u r e 1 w a s c o m p i l e d t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e i n f o r m a t i o n g a t h e r e d d u r i n g d i s c u s s i o n s . F e w p r o g r a m s f o r c o m p l e t e d w o r k s w e r e a l s o c o l l e c t e d a n d a t t a c h e d h e r e w i t h . A c h a p t e r w a s d e d i c a t e d to d i s c u s s t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n i n d u s t r y i n S r i L a n k a a n d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f c o n s t r u c t i o n o r g a n i s a t i o n s u s e d f o r t h e s t u d y w a s t a b l e d . A t t e m p t s w e r e m a d e t o c o v e r t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e o r g a n i s a t i o n s a c t i v e i n t h e i n d u s t r y r e p r e s e n t i n g d i f f e r e n t c l a s s e s , g o v e r n m e n t a l a n d n o n g o v e r n m e n t a l o r g a n i s a t i o n s i n o r d e r to o b t a i n r e a s o n a b l e c o n c l u s i o n . 2 The conclusions are derived from the results of the analysis, which draw our attention to the fact that planning in its true form is not applied in the local construction industry as expected. Therefore recommendations are forwarded to lay more emphasis on planning in contract documents at the tendering stage and close monitoring at the site level by executive authority. 3 T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S PAGE N o ABSTRACT 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 LIST OF FIGURES 9 1.0 INTRODUCTION 10 1.1 B a c k g r o u n d 10 1.2 A i m s a n d O b j e c t i v e s 12 1.3 M e t h o d o l o g y 13 2.0 REVIEW OF PLANNING TECHNIQUES 14 2.1 H i s t o r y o f P l a n n i n g 14 2.2 A d v a n t a g e s o f P l a n n i n g 1 5 2. 2 . 1 A d v a n t a g e s t o t h e C o n t r a c t o r 1 5 2.2. 2 A d v a n t a g e s t o t h e C l i e n t 16 2. 2 . 3 A d v a n t a g e s t o t h e A r c h i t e c t o r E n g i n e e r 17 2.2.4 A d v a n t a g e s t o o t h e r p a r t i e s c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e c o n t r a c t 17 2.3 B a r o r G a n t t C h a r t 1 8 2. 3 . 1 S i m p l e B a r C h a r t 18 2.3.2 M i l e S t o n e M e t h o d 2 1 2.3 . 3 L i n k e d B a r C h a r t 2 2 2.4 L o c a t i o n C h a r t 24 2.5 C r i t i c a l P a t h M e t h o d 2 6 2. 5 . 1 T h e E f f e c t o f N e t w o r k M e t h o d s o n M a n a g e m e n t 2 6 4 2 . 5 . 2 P r o c e s s o f N e t w o r k P l a n n i n g 31 5 2 . 5 . 3 T h e o r e t i c a l A s p e c t s 32 2 . 5 . 3 . 1 D u m m y A c t i v i t i e s 32 2 . 5 . 3 . 2 L o o p i n g 33 2 . 5 . 3 . 3 U n c o n n e c t e d A c t i v i t i e s 33 2 . 5 . 3 . 4 N e t W o r k C o m p u t a t i o n 33 2 . 6 P r e c e d e n c e D i a g r a m 3 6 2 . 6 . 1 C o m p a r i s o n o f P r e c e d e n c e D i a g r a m w i t h A r r o w D i a g r a m 36 2 . 6 . 2 T h e T e c h n i q u e 3 7 2 . 6 . 2 . 1 F o r w a r d P a s s 37 2 . 6 . 2 . 2 B a c k w a r d P a s s 3 8 2 . 6 . 2 . 3 D e l a y s , L e a d s & L a g s 38 2 . 6 . 2 . 4 L a g T i m e s 3 8 2 . 6 . 3 F l o a t C a l c u l a t i o n 43 2 . 6 . 3 . 1 T o t a l F l o a t 43 2 . 6 . 3 . 2 F r e e F l o a t 43 2 . 6 . 3 . 3 I n t e r f e r i n g F l o a t 43 2 . 6 . 3 . 4 I n d e p e n d e n t f l o a t 44 2 . 6 . 4 C r a s h C o s t i n g 44 2 . 6 . 5 R e s o u r c e S c h e d u l i n g 45 2 . 7 P r o g r a m E v a l u a t i o n & R e v i e w T e c h n i q u e 47 2 . 7 . 1 T e c h n i q u e 48 2 . 7 . 2 D i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n P E R T a n d C P M 49 2 . 7 . 3 D i s a d v a n t a g e s o f P E R T 49 2 . 8 L i n e o f B a l a n c e M e t h o d 50 2 . 8 . 1 P r e p a r a t i o n o f a L i n e o f B a l a n c e S c h e d u l e 50 2 . 8 . 2 A d v a n t a g e s o f L i n e o f B a l a n c e M e t h o d 51 2 . 8 . 3 D i s a d v a n t a g e s o f L i n e of B a l a n c e M e t h o d 5 1 2.9 " S " C u r v e 51 2 . 9 . 1 A d v a n t a g e s 52 2. 9 . 2 D i s a d v a n t a g e s 52 3.0 PLANNING DONE IN PROJECT STAGES 55 3.1 G e n e r a l 5 5 3.2 F e a s i b i l i t y S t a g e P l a n 5 5 3.3 P r e - t e n d e r S t a g e 5 6 3. 3 . 1 P r e - t e n d e r P l a n d o n e b y C l i e n t O r g a n i s a t i o n 56 3.3.2 P r e - t e n d e r P l a n d o n e b y P r o s p e c t i v e C o n t r a c t o r 57 3.4 P r e - c o n s t r u c t i o n S t a g e P l a n 5 9 3. 4 . 1 D e l a y s 6 1 3.4.2 P r o c e d u r a l C h e c k L i s t 62 3.5 C o n s t r u c t i o n S t a g e P l a n 67 4.0 CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN SRI LANKA 68 4.1 G e n e r a l 6 9 4.2 P r e s e n t s t a t u s 69 4.3 P o s t C o n s t r u c t i o n B o o m 6 9 4.4 P l a n n i n g i n C o n s t r u c t i o n I n d u s t r y 7 0 4.5 C o n s e q u e n c e s o f F o r e i g n c o n t r a c t o r s . 7 2 4.6 F a i l u r e s 73 5.0 DATA OBTAINED FROM INDUSTRY 74 5.1 S c o p e o f S u r v e y 74 5.2 O r g a n i s a t i o n s C o n s i d e r e d 74 5.2.1 C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f O r g a n i s a t i o n s 7 9 5.3 D e t a i l s o f S u r v e y 8 0 6 5.4 D a t a O b t a i n e d t h r o u g h I n t e r v i e w s 8 1 7 5.4.1 S t a t e S e c t o r O r g a n i s a t i o n s c o m i n g u n d e r C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g I n d u s t r y 8 1 5.4.2 S t a t e S e c t o r O r g a n i s a t i o n s c o m i n g u n d e r B u i l d i n g I n d u s t r y 83 5.4.3 S e m i G o v e r n m e n t O r g a n i s a t i o n s c o m i n g u n d e r C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g I n d u s t r y 84 5.4.4 S e m i G o v e r n m e n t O r g a n i s a t i o n s c o m i n g u n d e r B u i l d i n g I n d u s t r y 8 6 5.4.5 P r i v a t e S e c t o r C o n t r a c t i n g O r g a n i s a t i o n s 87 5.4.6 P r i v a t e S e c t o r C o n s u l t a n c y O r g a n i s a t i o n s 89 5.4.7 O b s e r v a t i o n s 90 6.0 ANALYSIS 92 6.1 U s e o f P l a n n i n g 92 6.2 P l a n n i n g S e c t i o n 92 6.3 R e v i e w a n d M o n i t o r i n g 93 6.4 P l a n n i n g o f F i n a n c e a n d R e s o u r c e s 93 6.5 U s e o f C o m p u t e r S o f t w a r e 94 6.6 S u m m a r y o f S u r v e y D a t a 9 5 7.0 DISCUSSION 98 7.1 D i s c u s s i o n 98 7.2 C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f P l a n n i n g 99 7.3 S e l e c t i o n o f P l a n n i n g T e c h n i q u e s 1 0 0 8.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 102 8 8.1 C o n c l u s i o n s 1 0 2 8.2 R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s 1 0 3 9.0 FURTHER WORK 104 10.0 ANNEXURES 105 11.0 REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 128 1 1 . 1 R e f e r e n c e s 1 2 8 11.2 B i b l i o g r a p h y 1 2 9 LIST OF FIGURES FIG. No. DESCRIPTION PAGE 2 .1 B a r C h a r t P r o g r a m f o r B r i d g e C o n s t r u c t i o n 2 0 2.2 L i n k e d B a r C h a r t 2 3 2 .3 L o c a t i o n B a r C h a r t f o r a R o a d P r o j e c t 2 5 2.4 N e t W o r k D i a g r a m 2 7 2.5 R e p r e s e n t i n g _ , m ~ m _ L o g i c a l R e l a t i o n s h i p ^ 4 2.6 L o o p i n g ?A 34 2.7 U n c o n n e c t e d A c t i v i t i e s 1= UiW-H ^ ^ 34 2.8 F o r m a t i o n o f D i a g r a m V\, ~'J 3 9 2.9 A n a l y s e d N e t w o r k ^Lj^^>^ 3 9 2.10 K e y D i a g r a m 3 9 2 . 1 1 L e a d F a c t o r 40 2.12 L a g T i m e s 4 1 2.13 L a g T i m e s B a r C h a r t P r e s e n t a t i o n 4 1 2.14 L a g T i m e s - F o r w a r d P a s s & B a c k w a r d P a s s 42 2. 1 5 B a r C h a r t P r e s e n t a t i o n 42 2.16 B a r C h a r t & R e s o u r c e H i s t o g r a m B e f o r e r e s o u r c e S c h e d u l i n g 4 6 2 .17 B a r C h a r t & R e s o u r c e H i s t o g r a m A f t e r r e s o u r c e S c h e d u l i n g 4 6 2.18 S - c u r v e 53 2. 1 9 T y p i c a l S - c u r v e 54 5 . 1 . a O r g a n i s a t i o n " L " 7 6 5 . 1 . b O r g a n i s a t i o n " K " 76 5 . 1 . C O r g a n i s a t i o n " B " 77 5 . 1 . d O r g a n i s a t i o n " S " 7 7 5. 1 . e O r g a n i s a t i o n " R " 7 8 5.1.f O r g a n i s a t i o n " D " 78 5.2 T y p i c a l P r o g r e s s C h a r t 82 9