THE IMPACT OF ARCHITECTURE ON THE REHABILITATION OF PRISONERS L I B R A R V gfflJVERSITY OF MORATUWAo SRI lAf iKg MORATUWA D I S S E R T A T I O N P R E S E N T E D T O T H E F A C U L T Y O F A R C H I T E C T U R E U N I V E R S I T Y O F M O R A T U W A F O R T H E F I N A L Y E A R E X A M I N A T I O N I N M . S C . A R C H I T E C T U R E - 2001 • 7 2 - O l 1 2 5 - 6 J . C . W I C K R A M A R A T H N E . M . S c . 2001 University of Moratuwa 76219 76219 THE IMPACT OF ARCHITECTURE ON THE REHABILITATION OF PRISONERS Contents 02 List of f igures 04 Abstract 06 Acknowledgement 08 Introduction 10 Chapter 01 - Historical and Evolutionary Process of Prisons 15 1.1 Prisons in the days of Yore 16 1.2 The emergence of a new era 20 1.3 The antecedents of the Modern Prison 22 Chapter 02 - Offender, Prison and the Society 36 2.1 Society and the Offender 37 2.2 Prison and the Offender 38 2.3 Theory of Containment 40 2.4 Prison Adaptive Modes 44 2.5 Behaviour in Jail 45 2.6 The Jail Image 47 2.7 Stress in Jail 49 Chapter 03 - Human Factors in Jail Design 51 3.1 Noise 53 3.2 Thermal Comfort 54 3.3 The social Environment 55 2 3.4 Territoriality 3.5 Crowding, Privacy and Stress 3.6 Solutions found 3.7 Reducing Stress in Jail 3.7.1 Direct supervision design 3.7.2 Indirect supervision design 3.7.3 Dormitories 3.7.4 The hard exterior, soft interior 3.7.5 Size of institution 3.7.6 Sleeping accommodat ion 56 57 58 61 62 64 66 67 71 75 Chapter 04 - Evaluation of Prisons Generation with the Generational Concept 79 4.1 Selected Western Jails 80 4.1.1 Successful prison of new generat ion 81 4.1.2 Lessons learned 85 4.2 Fourth generation jails 86 4.3 Selected Sri Lankan Jails 96 4.3.1.a Case Study 1 111 4.3.1.b Case Study 2 107 Conclusion Bibliography 119 124 3 List of figures Fig.01 An old version of a prison cage 18 Fig.02 An early way of punishment 18 Fig.03 Federal penitentiary Alcatraz 20 Fig.04 Silentium of san Michele, Rome, 1704 22 Fig.05 Maison de force, Ghent, 1773 25 Fig.06 Benthan's panopticon design, 1791 26 Fig.07 Stateville Prison, Illinois, 1919. 27 Fig.08 Eastern penitentiary at cherry hill, phi ladelpheha,1829 28 Fig.09 Everthope hall prison, 1958 32 Fig. 10 Blundeston prison, 33 Fig. 11 The decorated exterior of federal correctional institution, 68 Pennsylvania. Fig. 12 The used of coloured interior 69 Fig.13 A modern cell 69 Fig. 14 Re placement of bars with iron mesh. 70 Fig. 15 The outer rigid wall have turn in to a rain forced mesh fencing71 Fig. 16 Clark county detention centre 72 The bid. Scale match with the sounding environment Fig. 17 Lighted interior of the central lobby 73 Fig. 18 Furnished smooth interior 73 Fig. 19 Furnished smooth interior 74 Fig.20a Non monolithic nature of mordem prison 74 Fig.20b Grand valley institution, Ontario 90 Fig.21 The main building grand valley 91 Fig.22 The main building grand valley 92 Fig.23 Lay out 92 Fig.24 The main entrance of Mecklenborg county jai l , North Carol ina94 Fig.25 Homely interior 95 V Fig.26 Direct supervision pod 95 Fig.27 Main entrance fagade at Bogambara 102 Fig. 28 Layout plan, Bogambara 102 Fig.29 View of the main building. 103 Fig.30 A typical cell at Bogambara 105 Fig.31 Entrance fagade of Wel ikade prison 107 Fig.32 Layouy plan of Wel ikada prison 108 Fig.33 Main lobby of the chappie building 110 Fig.34 Plan of the chappie building 110 Fig.35 The location of gallows In the chapel building 112 Fig.36 Main entrance of the chapel 113 Fig.37 Main detention buildings at wel ikada prison 113 • 5 A B S T R A C T The rehabilitation of the individual - the universally accepted goal of modern penology - constitutes the basis on which correctional programmes are conceived. As in any evolutionary process, these correctional programmes are not only continually changing, but changing along varying lines in different parts of the wor ld. This reflect the particular type of society, and the inherited background which affects the legal and penal system. Rising populations have traditionally led to increasing need for prisons. None the less, it is to be hoped that the number of these walled institutions will eventually decrease, for this is one of the objectives of sound preventive and correctional policy. If, through improvements in human adjustment, educat ion, greater understanding of human problems, and the like, something can be done to reduce the rate of criminality in society, as well as to solve some of the many problems involved in the treatment and rehabilitation of offenders, many of the wal led institutions now used for the conf inement of offenders can be abandoned. Prisons are inherently wasteful , and the expense of duplicating many of the facilities of the free environment behind a fence or wal l is great. Under present conditions, however, institutions for the conf inement of offenders are required. The nature of the judicial process, the requirements of public security, the diverse programmes for the treatment of offenders themselves, and other such considerat ions make inevitable the construction of institutions. But the institution itself must be conceived in terms of the ultimate objective, which is the rehabilitation of the confined inmate; and experience has shown that the effectiveness of a rehabilitation programme is greatly assited when the spirit and goal of the programme are reflected in the design of the institution. It is important that, even in a maximum security institution, the symbols of defeat and conf inement should be reduced to a min imum while maintaining the necessary degree of control. The planning of buildings for correctional and detent ion purposes presents, therefore, very specialized problems in architectural design. The architect has to reconcile the basic problems of ease of supervision of the inmates, thier security and control, with those of the usual architectural problems of function, circulation, venti lation and orientation, while at the same t ime he has to ensure that the building itself will reflect a spirit of enl ightenment and humanitar ianism which can contribute to the effectiveness of treatment programmes for the inmates. They are examples of how institutions may be designed and constructed so as to preserve the paramount objectives of supervision, security and control, while avoiding the traditional gr imness of the older institutions. 7 A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T I am deeply indebted and profoundly grateful to all who guided me in the proper way and assisted me at my occasion sacrif icing their valuable t ime exclusively for me during the course of preparing this dissertation. I offer my heartiest gratitude towards, o Prof. Nimal de Silva, Head of the Dept. for giving me permission to carry out investigations within this high security prison premises o Dr. M.S. Manawadu for guiding me throughout the course of preparing this dissertation, o Dr. L.S.R. Perera for providing me valuable advices for the commencement of the project in a proper path, o Archt. H. Prasanna Silva for giving his valuable ideas, and o Mr. Upali Samaraweera - Commissioner General Prisons, and Mr. T. Kasigre - Commissioner of Prisons for giving me permissions to do case studies in Wel ikada and Bogambara Prisons, o Mr. Ranasinghe - ASP - Training Centre at Wel ikada for allowing me to use the library documents for written materials. o Mr. Priyantha Kulasekara - Librarian Traing Centre Wel ikada for the cont inuous assistance given me in search of library materials relevant data for the compilat ion of this document. o Mr. Rjakaruna - Chief Jailor, Prison of Bogambara for giving me permission to carryout the case study on Bogambara 8 prison complex and the assistance provided to do the survey within that security premises, o Mr. Kulatunga - Jailor at Bogambara, Mr. S.A. Jayalath - Jailor at Prison Head Quarters at Wel ikada o Mr. Lai Perera - Jailor, Prison Head Quarters, Wel ikada. o Mr. Danasinghe - SP at Wel ikada Prison, o Mr. Dinuka Rajapakshe and Mr. C.A.M.D. Jayathi laka and Mrs. Meththa Ekanayake for their generosity rendered o My dear parents who gave their valuable support and advices for the fulf i lment of my anticipation in a t r iumphant way. J.C. WICKRAMARATHNE.