L&/4 Bibliography 68 Appendix 70 -4 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 would like to express my deepest gratitude to the following persons for helping me in numerous ways to preparing this dissertation. I offer my sincere thanks to Propf: Nimal de Silva, Head of the department of architecture for inspiration and guidance. Archt. Dr Samitiia Manawadu, year master for their conductive criticism encouragement and help in development of this study. Archt Dr Rohinton Emmanuel course coordinator- dissertation for the invaluable comments and contineious guidance given through the study. Archt Gamini Weerasinghe year master Archt, Damith De Silva year master Archt Cris De Saram Senior lecture For their invaluable comments and guidance Mr Mervin Peris General maneger and Mr Layanal Fernando Bank of Ceylon head quarters, Director general and Archt Wasantha de Silva architecture division State enginnering corporation. Director General, Mrs Mebal Ranaweera and Chamila Jayalath, ministry of Mahaweli ,Mr Vijebandara Mahaweli centre For their support in carry out the field research. Mr Chathura . Staff department of Architecture for his assistance and encouragement given me to carry out the field research. Mr Weerasooriya, Mr Vithana ,Mr Kithsiri and Mr Ruwan, For their support. i My friends Imali, Dasuntha, Munasinghe and all badge mates for their encouragement Niroda malli and Sudaraka malli for their fullest support in computer programming. Sirima aunty, Mama,Na«da,Prabhath malli Mr and Mrs Karunarathna and Hemantha malli, They gave me their time and benefit of their knowledge. Loku malli Amila far his caaliaious supportaiul encouragement from biginifl^ to end of this study. Thank you, my parents and Rasika encouraged me when I despaired of every reaching my goal. 1 1 V LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS List of illustrations Fig. 1 Skyscrapers in Manhatten Fig.2 Chatress cathedral Fig.3 Great pyramid in Cheops Fig.4 Early skyscraper in Chicago Fig. 5 Skyscrapers in New York Fig.6 The evolution of high rises Fig.7 Home insurance building Fig 8.Equitable life assurance building Fig.9.Flat iron building Fig. 10 Chrysler building Fig. 11 Empire state building Fig. 12 Seagram building Fig. 13 Leaver house Fig 14 world trade centre Fig. 15 Sears tower Fig 16 Petronas tower Fig 17 Taisei Crop's Alis city plan Fig 18 Sri Lankan high rises Fig 19 Ceylinco building (previous Fig 20 Echelon square Fig21 congested urban environment Fig22 Central plaza Fig23 Bank of Ceylon merchant tower Fig. 1 Traditional vernacular house Fig.2 Carved balcony in India Fig.3 passive climate moderator British pavilion Seville Fig. 4 Tropical world Fig. 5Meterogical data in tropical Sri Lanka Fig.6.Comfort due to cross ventilation Fig.7 Less comfort due to less cross ventilation Fig. 8Less comfort due to without cross ventilation Fig.9.Light as element of architecture Fig. lO.sucessful use of natural light Fig. 11 Component of day light Fig. 12 vertical glazed facade Fig. 13.Factors affect for day light Fig. 14 Determinant factors of shading device Fig. 15 orientation of Menara Budaya Fig. 16 sun path diagram Fig. 17 possible core types Fig. 18 internal transitional area Fig. 19 open ground floor Park way service centre Fig. 20 semi enclosed balcony Fig.2!Open terraces for planting Fig. 22 Sec Building Sun Path Fig.23 Sec Building Eastern View iv 4 4- Fig 23.a TH1 value - contours, SEC 45-a Fig 23. day light - contours, SEC 46-a Fig.22 Sun Path East- West 47 Fig.24 Sec Front View 48 Fig.25 Sun Path East- West 49 Fig.26 Bank of Ceylon Head Quarters 49 Fig 26 a THI value - contours Bank of Ceylon 49-a Fig 2 6 a day light - contours Bank of Ceylon 50-a Fig27. Sun Path -Mahaweli. . 52 Fig 28mahaweli Office Complex >2 Fig 28.a THI value - contours Mahaweli 52-a Fig 28.b day light - contours Mahaweli 53-a Fig 29. Thin Slab Built Form For Natural Lighting 54 Fig 30.1bm Plaza 57 Fig. 31 plaza Atrium 57 Fig. 32menera Mesiniaga Orientation 58 Fig. 33menera Mesiniaga Built Form 58 Fig. 34menera Mesiniaga Permeable Building Envelop 58 Fig. 35 Lift Lobby 59 Fig. 37 Menera Mesiniaga Orirntation 59 Fig. 39 Transitional Space 60 Fig. 40 Main Entrance Canopy 61 Fig41 Transitional Space 61 Fig. 42 Transitional Space 61 V Fig. 43 Balcony In External Wall Fig. 44 Atrium Fig. 45 Sun Shade Fig. 46 Shading Device Fig. 47 Green Use In High Rises ABSTRACT All the usual urban design concepts commonly planned horizontally in the ground plane for the good city and civic design must now be interpreted vertically for the skyscrapers. The tower buildings as an international image / commodity (Dovey 1992), act as an enemy of the local context in which it is placed, an hence is an enemy of sustainability. Moreover the towers representing free market capital is closely associated with short term gains and unrestrained development, whereas climatically responsible design stresses for sight, long term planning and human restraint when interacting with non human nature. (Fox 1990. Millbirth 1989 p. 119) Recent architectural projects by leading designers have incorporated innovative measures to improve energy efficiency in response to the concerns of ecologically responsible design. A remarkable feature of these buildings is the form that they have taken that glass tower. The proposition of re planning and rebuilding all of today's cities on a "clean slate" based on ecological principles may mean whole sale waste of he existing building stocks and infrastructures. It is clearly that skyscrapers will continue to be build regardless of current piecemeal achievement of ecological proponents. The past pace of urban development, particularly in the Asia -Pacific region make the case for having adequate modals for designing the environmentally responsive high rise even more pressing. "A tall building whose built form is configured by design, using passive low energy techniques to relate to the site's climate and meteorological date, resulting in a tall building that is environmentally interactive, low- energy in embodiment and operations, and high quality in performance " (Ken Yeang 1985, pp-18) Designing the tall buildings to take advantage of the metrological data of the location inevitably means some physical and economic departure from the criteria outline above. The climatically responsive high rise buildings can enhance its user sense of wellbeing while enabling then to be aware of and to experience the external climate of the place. V I I